Managing and Preserving Electronic Health Records Essay Example for Free

Managing and Preserving Electronic Health Records EssayThis proposal discusses how to apply ideal and interoperable solutions to manage and preserve electronic health records (lab test results, physician notes, etc.) and migrate, distribute, replicate, and access these records from legacy formats and platforms. Another important thing the proposal discusses is incorporating a technical system that will allow better time centering and increase profitability at CorpHealth.Business Problem StatementThe pipeline problem to be solved is how to improve time management by improving strategic planning and incorporating new technology that will allow better time management and planning. Also the caller currently does not have a system that preserves electronic health records. It is important for the company to start working to make up a standard preservation infrastructure to support a wide variety of electronic health records, data formats, and delivery mechanisms as well as identi fy, evaluate, and integrate standard and best practices in the long-term preservation and management tools to migrate, replicate, and distribute electronic health records.Currently the only technological advance the company uses is the Cholestest LDX system that provides efficient and economical point of care testing for cholesterol and related lipids, and blood glucose serve as diagnostic tools that provide education for immediate risk assessment and therapeutic monitoring of heart disease, inflammatory disorders anddiabetes.allows and improve insight into the financial management aspects of the company for improved strategic planning and doing monitoring.Name of the Company or OrganizationCORPHEALTH Medical and Wellness Solutions, Inc.Brief Description of Proposed SolutionIncorporating new technology at CorpHealth will allow the business to reach out to new customer increase profit and grow technologically. Looking at these issues will help decrease major challenges the Company faces in IT, operations, strategic planning while diminishing the risk on non-compliance regulatory fees. CorpHealth should develop business tailored solutions to incorporate a better strategy that general will bring growth and stability to the company.General Benefits it will provide the OrganizationGeneral benefits to the company will mean growth and advancement. The company read to stay ahead of the competition and implementing new marketing strategy in different ways is a great way to attract different clients or new demographics. Implementing new technology will improve the speed and accuracy of diagnoses. Implementing a new system that will allow health information to be safe and secure will allow the current clients and future clients to have peace of mind. Also this will give the Company better access to the information if needed by the Doctor allowing better time management to the Staff.Audience to whom you are presenting the recommendation(s)The audience of this proposa l is presented for all CorpHealth personnel. After recommendations are implemented and hold on who will benefit from it will be the Staff, client and future clients.

Shooting an Elephant by Rebecca Bonner Essay Example for Free

Shooting an Elephant by Rebecca Bonner EssayChoose an essay which puts across a strong personal belief in a clear and convincing manor. George Orwells Shooting an Elephant, is an essay which takes place in imperial Burma where he is a police officer working on behalf of the British Empire. He is resented by the people who pressures him into shooting an elephant, where he describes himself as being a meaningless cock in front of the Burmese crowd. Throughout this essay he also delivers his strong personal beliefs towards his hatred of imperialism, despite working for the colonies, he mentions several multiplication of how much he despises it and sees it as evil. We first capture his opposing view of it when he is discussing his job in Burma, he detests it and hates the way in which it oppresses the inwrought people, at that time, I had already made up my mind that imperialism was an evil thing. He voices his disapproval of it and it is genuinely reactionary, the denomination evil is used without qualification, this shows a perhaps want of detailed k nowadaysledge of the political issues, or maybe he just feels so disgusted by it, he uses such a devilish word to describe his view.He then goes on to describe how he is against his own government and was on the Burmeses side, despite his hatred for them, Theoretically and secretly, of rush I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British. Here he shows his true opinion of the Empire, though with the use of the hyphens, adding in how he kept it a secret, show his lack of courage to publicly oppress the Empire. Even although he has very conflicting views towards the native population, there is also times we see him appearing profoundly sympathetic towards the Burmese and their suffering, all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt. The interesting use of the word oppression suggests he is feeling the same way as the natives and in some way shares their pain.His sympa thy and description of the Burmese people is the main grammatical constituent of why he thinks imperialism is an evil thing, by mentioning this often, it helps him back up his opposing view in a clear and convincing manor. He then goes on to say how he is stuck between his hatred of the Empire and for the native people, With one part of my mind I thought of the British Raj as an unbreakable tyranny, as something clamped down, in saecula saeculorum, upon the will of prostrate peoples, This part of his mind outright opposing the Empire and continuing upon his strong belief, this unbreakable dictatorship suggestingthat they could never win against the British, giving them a helpless and sorrowful status. Orwell uses his incident with the elephant to illustrate the indicant relationship which exists between the colonizer and the colonized, It was a tiny incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse than I had had before of the real temperament of imperialism the real motives for which despotic governments act.The elephants actions are described in a comical, hyperbolic spirit, raided juxtaposed with fruit stalls inflicting violences upon a rubbish van, which evoke a degree of affection and sympathy for the elephant. The uneven balance of power with also the sympathy towards the elephant describes what imperialism has caused within the town, evidence in which helps back up his opinion of the wrong-doings of imperialism its consequences. Orwell is then forced upon to kill the harmless beast, he shoots the animal using a gun that is not suitable for an animal of its size, in a slow agonising death, the thick blood welled out of him like red velvet, but he still did not die. He wants the reader to engage with the revolting suffering that the animal has to endure as a result of his weak decision, to show the meaningless barbaric acts that can arise from a tyrannical government, afterward I was very glad that the coolie had been killed it put me legally i n the right and it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant.Orwell leaves the scene and shows his guilt and self-hatred also that he is weak-willed, leaving the scene before the elephant is dead. The elephant could be seen as a symbol of the British Empire, once a vast powerful force, now a small, weak position. Using this powerful use of emotive language of how the poor beast died, he tries to convince the reader to agree with him that the whole brain of imperialism is wrong and does this rather successfully through his various techniques of emotive and sympathetic language throughout the essay. In conclusion, Orwells style is a major key factor on putting across his strong personal belief of his opposing views towards imperialism. He uses powerful word choice in a personal tone in order to try and convince the reader of why he was forced to make the decisions he made due to the consequences that had to do with imperialism and does so very successfully.

Determination of the pKas for Glycine

Determination of the pKas for GlycineName Aleksandra RedlinskaLab Partner Adrianna CzerlonkoLab Instructor Jenq-Kuen HuangLab TA Chandra K.AilneniObjectivesThe purpose of this look into is to titrate genus Glycine and determine its pKa values. This is done to show that genus Glycine is a dipolar ion. This essay will help explain how pKa values and pH be closely related and will help show the importance of pH in aminic panellings.BackgroundAmino acids consist of an amino stem (-NH3+) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). When they argon in an acidic solution, the amino group becomes protonated and the carboxyl group gets dissociated. When in a solution with a neutral pH, amino acids will usually be dipolar and the amino group will be protonated while the carboxyl group becomes deprotonated. When amino acids are in elementary solution, the protonated amino group is the only one that changes, by losing a proton (Biochemistry). The par used to find the equilibrium constant, Ka, of a reac tion is the products divided by the reactants. The Ka canful then be used to find the pKa by taking the negative log of the Ka. The Ka value can be used to figure out whether the acid will dissociate or not and how strong an acid is. Glycine is an amino acid which contains both acidic and basic pKas. This shows that it can react to changes in the pH. By adding NaOH to glycine, the proton ion will dissociate. This dissociation will occur due to the titration done using the glycine solution.Materials0.1 N Sodium hydroxide (60 mL)Glycine (0.6 g or 8.0 meq)0.1 N Hydrochloric acid (60 mL)Deionized water100 mL tidy sumtric flaskTwo burettesFour 250 mL beakersFunnelGraduated cylinderpH mensurationProcedureGlycine (0.6 g) was weighed out and put in a 100 ml flask. Water was added to the flask to make 100 mL of solution. The sample (25 mL) was transferred to a 250 mL beaker and distilled water was added (100 mL). The solution was titrated with 0.1 N NaOH (30 mL in 1.0 mL increments). The pH and saturation of base were measured after each 1.0 mL of NaOH added and the information was recorded and plotted. Distilled water (125 mL) was placed in a 250 mL beaker. The solution was once again titrated with 0.1 N NaOH (30 mL in 1.0 mL increments). The pH and volume of base were once again collected and plotted. The original glycine solution (25 mL) was transferred to a 250 mL beaker and distilled water (100 mL) was added. The solution was titrated with 0.1 N HCl (30 mL in 1.0 mL increments). The total volume of acid and the pH were recorded. Distilled water (125 mL) was placed in a 250 mL beaker and the solution was titrated with 0.1 N HCl (30 mL in 1.0 mL increments). The volume of the acid and the pH was recorded and plotted.ResultsTable 1. Titration with NaOH.Table 2. Titration with HCl.Calculationsdetermine pKa1 (HCl titration)At pH = 2.5, 30 mL of 0.1 N HCl was used for the glycine titration and 16 mL was used for water.30 mL 16 mL = 14 mL14 mL = 0.014 L0.014 L was used to titrate glycine at pH 2.5The normality of HCl used was 0.1 NN = eq/L0.1 N = X/0.014 LX = 0.0014 eq0.0014 eq = 1.4 meqIt takes 1.4 meq of HCl to convert glycine to an acidic formThe amount of glycine at the start of the titration was(8 meq)(25 mL/100 mL) = 2 meqThe amount of glycine leave after the titration was2 meq 1.4 meq = 0.6 meq rulepH = pKa1 + log conjugate base/ acidConjugate base = 0.6 meqAcid = 1.4 meq2.5 = pKa1 + log 0.6/1.42.5 = pKa1 0.368pKa1 = 2.868Determining pKa2 (NaOH titration)At pH = 9.4, 18 mL of 0.1 N NaOH was used for the glycine titration and 1 mL was used for the water.18 mL 1 mL = 17 mL17 mL = 0.017 L0.017 L was used to titrate glycine at pH 9.4The normality of HCl used was 0.1 NN = eq/L0.1 N = X/0.017 LX = 0.0017 eq0.0017 eq = 1.7 meqIt takes 1.7 meq of NaOH to convert glycine to an acidic formThe amount of glycine at the start of the titration was(8 meq)(25 mL/100 mL) = 2 meqThe amount of glycine left after the titration was2 meq 1.7 meq = 0.3 meqFormulapH = pKa2 + log conjugate base/ acidConjugate base = 1.7 meqAcid = 0.3 meq9.4 = pKa2 + log 1.7/0.39.4 = pKa2 + 0.753pKa2 = 8.647Discussion and ConclusionThe average pKa1 calculated for the titration using HCl was 3.013. The true pKa 1 for an acidic amino acid is 2.3. The average pKa2 calculated for the titration using NaOH was 8.863. The true pKa2 for a basic amino acid is 9.6. This difference could have been caused by pestilent glassware or improper measuring of the 0.1 increments of HCl and NaOH using the burette. The error could have also been due to the absence of an analytical scale to make precise measurements of glycine and the pH meter not being cleaned thoroughly enough. Since there was not enough time for each group to complete both parts of the experiment using HCl and NaOH, each group only did one of the titrations. Since my group did not have time to do the HCl titration, we got the results from another group. This could have also caused an error because we d id not monitor how precise the other group was.This experiment shows that the pKas of amino acids are important. They could be used to calculate the pH and strength of the amino acid. This observation is displayed in the data above and the graph. This experiment helped me understand how pKa and pH are related.ReferencesBerg, Jeremy M., John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer.Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, (2002).Cronk, J. (2012, January 1). BIOCHEMISTRY Dictionary. Retrieved September 23, 2014, from http//guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/dictionary.cfm?letter= precedingCronk, J. (2012, January 1). CHEM 440 lectures. Retrieved September 23, 2014, from http//guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/CHEM440pub/L05-index.cfmHuang, Jack. Experiment 2 Determination of the pKas for Glycine Chem 421 Laboratory. Sep 15, 2014.Answers to Questions1. The pKa associated with a representative aliphatic carboxylic acid is 2.3 and the pKa associated with a typical aliph atic amine is 9.6. The pKas associated with an alpha-carboxyl group in an amino acid are between 2 and 3. The pKas associated with a gamma-carboxyl group in an amino acid are between 4.3 and 4.5. The pKas associated with an alpha-amino group in an amino acid are between 9 and 10. The pKa associated with an epsilon-amino group in an amino acid is around 10. The pKas associated with an imidazole group in an amino acid are between 6 and 7. The pKas associated with a guanidine group in an amino acid is around 12.5. The pKas for these groups are taken onward once the amino acids are incorporated into proteins. The groups form bonds and the only pKa values that can still be seen are the ones that are at the C and N terminus of the chain.2. The top equation is correct because the top equation contains a Zwitterion. This Zwitterion would cause it to be able to react with HCl (a strong base) and NaOH (a strong acid). The bottom equation shows no charges on the nitrogen or oxygen, making the reaction not able to happen. My data supports this because when adding HCl, the pH went down and when adding NaOH, the pH went up. This shows that ions were taken away and added causation deprotonation and protonation of the glycine.3. The structure of Lys-Ala-Asp isThe N-terminal is the NH3+ on the very left side and the C-terminal is the OH on the right side. The net charge of this tripeptide at pH 2 is +2. The net charge at pH 6 is 0. The net charge at pH 13 is -2.

Gender And Nature Of Walt Disney Film Studies Essay

Gender And Nature Of Walt Disney Film Studies EssayIn the golden age of animation, Walt Disney was one of the famous animators in the industry who founded The Walt Disney Corporation. He was an American deal director, producer, screenwriter, entertainer and entrepreneur. Most of Disneys work pays credits that embody racial, ethnic, and gender stereotypes, middle-class perspective and royalist ideology while focusing on themes like innocence, friendship, dissimulation and fairytale. As Teresa de Lauretis point out the technology of cinema constructs gender, controlling the field of social meaning, creating ways that we negotiate and inhabit. Disneys representation of gender requires an understanding of the cultural hegemony conceptualization of veridical and ideal because it created subtle messages of acceptable social construct of custody and women. Disneys trademark of innocence operates on a systematic sanitization of violence, sexuality, and political struggle backup with an erasure or repression of difference. Disney too used the anthropomorphism to satirize society or politics.Disneys ideology of fairy tale appeared in the first animated deliver length film released in 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It was well-known as the first to use Technicolor cel animation, nearly 250,000 celluloid frames for each animated film. The film was allows some parts of each frame to be repeated from frame to frame, as layers upon layers of retelling, and in particular, a retelling of womans body. The exceptional woman treated in Elizabeth Bells hear locates the construction of gender within the material of production because they used live-action models for the offices and cinematic conventions of representing women. Each individual cel of film was hand-painted by women who creating indelible images of the feminine. A female character in Disneys filmis the inherent expectation to find happiness by falling in love and getting married with the prince.Snow White character allows girls to have fairy-tales to dream of and hope for. Representations of women in Disney films are ultimately defined by male standards and goals without displaying their own self-sufficient desires separated from romantic relationships. This is due to the own(prenominal) belief and attitude Walt Disney has towards how the family life is shaped and what roles women should play in society.During that time, the standards of contemporary beauty in Hollywood were schoolgirlish, pretty, white, graceful and slender. Disneys main female character locomote along with these standards except for old female character and middle-aged women. Middle-aged women represented as femme fatales, dark, independent, treacherous and dressed on extravagant costumes. They usually play the roles of an evil stepmother who envied the younger heroine for her looks and ended up being defeated or killed. For old female characters are depicted as gray and wrinkled, clumsy, and frumpily dr essed. Disneys representation of women is the treatments of the feminine life-cycle in hegemonic social disclose and stereotypes about womens bodies.Disney production films showed the ideals of nature conflict through their female protagonists where women are fully dependent on men and female characters are often shown as happy housewives. They set the standards for girls on how to grow up in order to find their prince women are supposed to be skinny, beautiful, acquiescent, and perform duties of a housewife. They will not disobey direct orders and do not hold jobs of their own. Contemporary society believes that women need to be more independent through the film because it has a huge impact on young audience on how they see the man. They want Disney to show that women can take veneration of themselves, more independent, be leaders, have jobs and do not rely on men. They also want Disney to transform into equality of gender because most of their films show a male dominated outlook . Feminists concerned about perception of the world and values about the point of view on young children especially girls to watch for colicky look of the physical attributes along with the values supporting male dominance.As gender is a prevalent topic amongst Disney films, representation of nature can also be illustrated within these films In Bambis film, released during World War II, the film still used Technicolor cel animation but the goal was to obtain a highly pictorial look than the previous productions. Bambi is one of the most acclaimed classics productions of the history of traditional animation. Each individual shows detail of nature for instance, in the open scene we saw the swarthiness of sunlight which represents the morning hours.There was a scene involving two autumn leaves conversing and eventually dying by falling to the ground, but the artist found that talk flora didnt work in the context of the film and instead used a visual metaphor of two realistic leaves falling to the ground. There was a scene of Bambi stepping on an ants nest and showing all the devastation that he caused, but it was cut for pacing reason. Walt Disney attempted to achieve realistic detail in this animated film. He had Rico LeBrun, a painter of animals, come and lecture to the animators on the structure and movement of animals. A small zoo was also naturalized at the studio so animators could study other animals, like rabbits, ducks, owls, and skunks, at close range. The animators learned a lot about animals during the films production that they would utilize in future projects. Animators now had a broader spectrum of animation styles, from the wider stylization of Mickey Mouse to the naturalistic look and realistic movement of the characters in Bambi.Disney used Anthropomorphism to represent anti-hunter and politics by using non-human characteristics to display an object or abstract concepts. Anthropomorphism ascribes human motivation, characteristics or behavio r to things not human, such as pulseless objects, animals or natural phenomena. The whole movie dealt with nature that was interrupted by human but the film did not show any human in the entire film. David Payne also sees a script written in this film which represents the realism of nature. Bambi is a story about the birth and maturation of a young male the son of the stag who rules the forest and his mother who was killed by man.Disney uses animals to attract children because they are innocence and authentic. Also have the ability to retreat to a world of their own by using their imagination where human can be evil and dangerous to nature. In the scene that Bambi mother gets shot and forest issue down represent the evil side of human.Disneys films maintain power of relation between hegemony and ideology in our culture to justify social groups based on race, gender, age, and ethnicity. Other uses of the concept grasp ideology as justifying the actions of all groups of people so th at marginal and subordinate groups also have ideologies in the sense of organizing and justifying ideas about themselves and the world, Barker Chris stated about understanding of ideology.The narratives of media culture offer patterns of proper and improper behavior, moral messages, and ideological conditioning, sugar-coating social and political ideas with pleasurable and seductive forms of fashionable entertainment.

The Development of Complex Societies

The Development of Complex SocietiesIntroductionThe ontogeny of complex societies differs from other societies, non only in the number of differentiated societal parts, but whereas in simpler societies that are basic whatsoevery self-regulating, in decision-making functions of its societal components of which these are not world(a)ized and constant. The term cite however contains an internally specialised decision-making subsystem. This subsystem or bureaucracy has the federal agency to mobilise certain resources that are not totally embedded within the non-homogeneous societal components. In this essay I sop up tried to attend to at the reason behind the rise of complex societies, using material four different ancient societies that of Mesopotamia, chinaware, The Indus Valley and Egypt in and broken down individually state in turn to help define the possible reason for each.Ancient Mesopotamia sectionIn Mesopotamia around 4600 to 3400 millennia B.C. which incorporated the Late Ubaid block and into the middle(a) Uruk period, a relatively complex policy-making formations had emerged at various different convictions and places. By the end of the Ubaid period, around the late 5th millennia B.C., three-level settlement hierarchies with indications of twain levels of political and economic control in south western Iran and probably elsewhere (Wright 1994) was present. By about 4000 B.C., the earliest Uruk formations had emerged along the irrigated percentages of the Lower Mesopotamia, the Euphrates-Tigris river system.Evidence from positions call forth a four level settlement hierarchy, with three levels of political control, this suggests a course not feasible without internal administrative specialisation, typical of states. At this token due to the lack of unexcavated Early Uruk sites, on that point is no tell from the architecture of public buildings or administrative technology such as seals or sealings to presage the control utensil. G eographically major philias take care to be both closely and evenly spaced, without however showing a handly dominant or archpriest centre.In contrast to this, in the dry-farmed Upper Mesopotamia during the equal period settlement patterns and arte-factual evidence suggests different aspects of emergent complexity. In the north eastern portion of Iraq new-fashioned analysis done by Rotham (2002) presents evidence of both domestic and public buildings. From the small centre of Tepe Gawra, seals and sealings showing increasing hierarchy in the production of crafts and exchanges as well as showing period of conflict.Ongoing research in the central portion of Upper Mesopotamia indicates centres like Tell Brak had existed at the same time and appears excessively to take for had specialised administrative buildings. Research only shows at this point three levels of hierarchy. The collective data give notice suggest that different elements of state organisation were present in di fferent areas early in the Uruk period. From the Middle Uruk period, evidence points to a developed Uruk state with internally specialised control apparatus which is present in many parts of Greater Mesopotamia (Johnson 1987 Wright 1998).The emergence of the Mesopotamian civilisation laughingstock be seen in the strange ecological and geographical framework of the alluvial lowlands of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers around the late 5th and fourth Millennia B.C. The ecology framework gives the emerging Mesopotamian societies important advantages in agricultural productivity and subsistence this is not seen by contemporary polities at the periphery the geographical framework presents the Mesopotamian societies with sustainable transportation advantages. These two factors created opportunities for rising Mesopotamian elites who could use trade as an important tool for legitimate control of magnate and elaborateness resulting in unequal share of resources.In forming a hypothesis fo r the increase socio-economic differentiation and urban rebelth giving rise to complex societies in Mesopotamia in the 4th Millennia B.C. modelling trade pattern addition can provide us with some answers.Trade would have been at first for the most part internal, focussing on individual southern polities that exploited localised ecological robust niches during the Late Ubaid and Early Uruk period. Middle to Late Uruk periods shows a much stronger pattern of external trade between the growing southern cities and the societies at their periphery. Again those in control of more converted resources gained more prominence. Over time a import-substitution process then amplified the one-sided evolutionary impact on the southern societies and shifting trade patterns.Mesopotamia shows gradualist evolutionary perspective, showing clear lines of continuity and change in presenting the core feature of the rise of complex societies of the Sumerian civilisation. A steady state or evenly paced change is nor seen. Both their long histories for their system of physical composition and temple complexes are salient comparative points. affable complexity is seen through a gradual emergence of settlement hierarchy indicative of a growing administrative structure and cumulative change in craft specialisation.Ancient China SectionEarly agriculture, building foundations and burials have been documented in China dating posterior to around 7th Millennia B.C. belonging to the Peiligang culture, but it is not until the first half of the 2nd Millennia B.C. that there is evidence for the first cities from the Shang civilisation.Though there is no significant visible trace above ground of the Shang cities, city sites can be portrayed of areas around 30 and 40 km2, with foundation ruins of clusters of buildings of various sorts. The clusters would have been densest around the centre, becoming sparser with greater distances between one other as they moved away towards the periphery.Th e clusters probably performed special functions and only this entire blade of clusters formed a functional whole. The term web works well, as the clusters of buildings formed the nodules the invisible lines, served as complementary relationships that interconnected the nodules with one another and the centre as a whole.An-yang and Hsiao-tun are two very important sites showing clusters of buildings each laid out in a recognisable plan. At Hsiao-tun although the general architecture is unimpressive, the houses are surrounded by sacrificial burials of humans and horse chariots, storage pits and bone archives of the royal oracle records this evidence suggests a palace, inheritable hall and ceremonial area of the house of the Shang dynasty (Shih 1959).Other remains of villages or hamlets of various sizes and sorts often within site of one another are also present. The An-yang web of individual nodular components with Hsiao-tun at its nerve centre projects am image of a single communi ty, an urban settlement with many people with specialised segments all representing the Shang capital.The location of a central city may have been looked upon for a limited period as geomantically favourable. The movement of one site to another dictated by divination. Once the capital was moved away whatever was left behind was then transformed into farming fields.What was important was the city, not the site it sat upon. Movement from site to site was at the kings prerogative, with layout and structuring designed to serve him as the centre of attention. The first cities were developed to serve a number of functions all associated to the emergence of a ruler who possessed extraordinary political powers.Central features such as kingship are vital to our chthonicstanding of social complexity in northern China. The king presided over a hierarchy of economic system, government and religion with himself at the top and centre. The central city was an stiff mechanism at exerting politic al control over all the other settlements. Cities and towns can be seen as lineages at local levels, each hierarchically organised through the state. The elites hold on the lower classes would have been total, one that was sanctioned by fiction and enforced by might.The transition from the Neolithic Lungshan culture to the Shang civilisation presents a quantum leap in the quality of life for the elite, there is however no obvious change in the technology of food production. It is possible that the Shang used fertilizers or had more effective measures of irrigation. There is evidence of more effective cultivation methods that of the tilling of land by team, the so-called hsieh tien, a phrase often seen in the oracle records (Amano 1959).This can lead to a conclusion that during the Shang period there was the masteryful organisation of large-scale exploitation of a large group of people by a small group of people from within the same society. This can also be seen as the beginning of an oppressive governmental system. This urban variation was not based on technology or power of production but on reaps of human toil.Clearly two factors not of significance here like in other archaic states are massive changes in the environment and large-scale waterworks. The success of social complexity is derived from a revolution of social systems, which in turn re-aligned societal segments in regards to food resources coupled with advances in new weaponry, in particular the horse chariot used an effective tool for any necessary oppressive measures in the emergence of a great civilisation.Ancient Indus societyThe urban Phase of the Indus or Harappan civilisation is beginning to be recognise in its own right as a unique complex society. The roots of sedentism and the village farming community can be dated back to around the 7th Millennia B.C. or even earlier. Set in the central Indus Valley on the Kachi Plain at a site called Mehrgarh, the Indus urban revolution that was to f ollow is seen as being thoroughly Indianized, being structured by environment, ecology and architecture.Whilst other states in the archaic period emerged from a long, slow period of gradual and constant culture modification, that eventually led to an emerging pattern of urbanisation and social complexity the Harappan civilisation seems to have come about in a very short period of transition, something in the region of 100-150 years.The Pre-Urban and Urban Phase of the Indus civilisation focuses on two things items related to subsistence and the expression of style. There is clear signs of social stratification, craft and career specialisation, writing and urbanisation in the urban phase, which are all absent in the pre-urban phase. Great change is also seen in the urban phase with a significant increase in sites, followed by a gap in settlement size. Three major sites come to grow all evenly spaced within the Harappan domain Mohenjo-daro, Ganweriwala and Harappa. Evidence indicate s two tiers of Harappan settlement, with regional centres or capitals developing in the urban phase.Most evident during the Urban Phase in many Harappan cities and towns is the clear demarcation of public versus private space. The citadel appears at a number of sites and is set apart from actual biography space, whereas possible granaries or warehouses are within public spaces suggesting controlled forms of redistribution. Social differentiation is distinctly seen in elite and lower class housing within cities. palmy social complexity in the Mature Harappan presents itself through clear signs of social stratification, craft specialism (which was established in some cities within specific districts), and civilize engineering and technology development and maintenance, which is indicative of the growth of civic installations. Smaller settlements were integrated with the great urban centres. There is evidence for intensification of agriculture which concentrated on barley and wheat . Long distance trade networks were established to the east and west alongside internal commerce. Trade was advanced by the use of the wheel (the wind cart), and that of the boat, with extensive maritime trading at outposts such as Lothal and Bakalot. Shallow harbours which were located at the estuary of rivers that opened into the sea promoted brisk trade with states like that of Mesopotamia.Social complexity is also increasing evident seen through the rise of literacy and social classes, these are two critical axes on which an evaluation of the growth of the Harappan civilisation can proceed (Possehl, 273, 1990). The growth of writing plays a critical role in the Indus as it had in Mesopotamia.Whilst trade and intense economic processes played a ultra role in the success of social complexity in the Harappan civilisation, there is one more institutional setting as referred to by Possehl (1990 277) that is vital to the success of social complexity in the Indus, it is of the organi sation of human ideology. The belief systems of what researcher Robert Redfield had referred to as the Great Tradition, in describing a way of life as a vehicle that enables those who share it to identify with one another as members of a common civilisation (Redfield, 1953, 64). Redfield goes on further to explain in regards to the state that the transformation of folk-society into civilisation through the appearance of development of the idea of reform by deliberate intention or by design (Redfield, 1953, 113). An important aspect to the growth of the Indus region was in its organisational aspects. The Urban phase of the Harappan civilisation was able to form strong temporary alliances from the surrounding area based on a unique human ideology. This belief system enabled the Harappan civilisation to sustain a successful way of life throughout the Indus region.Operatives like trade, ideology and other institutional settings obtain centres of action that can promote social complexit y and interconnect processes of change they can in turn be changed by their own socio-cultural environment.Ancient Egypt aubergeEgypts history is complex, by the mid 5th Millennia B.C. it appears to be occupied by communities of people living in small functionally similar agricultural communities which appear to be only weakly connected politically and economically. But by around 2500 B.C. Egypt had become an integrated empire whose rulers power was expressed through a complex hierarchical bureaucracy.Egypts early settlements were concentrated along the small dynamic floodplain of the Nile. The Nile flood levels were powerful determents of Egypts cultural history. However this flood plain offered the same approximate natural resources for the whole of Egypts developing complexity, and therefore patterns of cultural change cannot be simply explained in terms of the flood variations of the Nile. Agricultural intensification along the Nile would have it own geometric limits and it was nt until a full conversion to an agrarian society making use of wheat and barley, and domesticated sheep and goats that were introduced from probably south west Asia that changes took place. These changes have been documented in one of the most important areas of the time that of the Fayyum.Egypt Origins of Complex SocietiesHierakonpolis is an extremely important site as it contains the complete Badarian-Amratian-Gerzean sequence. Settled around the 4th Millennia B.C., it is believed the rapid growth of the community was due to the ecological diversity and the exceptional agricultural potential of the region. A massive population explosion occurred around 3800 to 3400 B.C. Its economy was based on both technology (a major pottery producer for Upper Egypt) and productive cereal agriculture along with the exploitation of livestock. From its size and rich content of some tombs the economy operated in the context of significant social ranking (Hoffman 182). By 3200 B.C. there is evidenc e for cobblestone foundations that support a supposition of a fortified palace, temple or administrative centre and Hoffman et al have concluded that Hierakonpolis had become the capital of a southern Egyptian state. The development of the Egyptian civilisation can be seen as an essentially internal and uninterrupted process, with Hierakonpolis lying at the centre. The Narmer Palette and other important finds at Hierakonpolis clearly suggest a centralised and stratified society.Maadi dated to around 3650 B.C. is another important site. It shows pottery style connections to Syro-Palestine and that of Greater Mesopotamia. Burials show sufficient diversity in contexts to reflect differences in status and emerging social ranking. Its site plans, finds and other evidence point to an organised society that controlled commodity production and exchange, alongside evidence for substantial copper smelting and working.Developing complexity in Pre-dynastic Egypt is seen in a shift with develop mental focus now from the south to the north. The Delta was believed to be the critical region in the later Pre-dynastic as the main channel of foreign influence into Egypt and also overland trade routes. Trigger et al (1984) notes that the important changes that took place in Predynastic Egypt were the evolution of ritual systems and the expanded lines of political authority transformations. These changes are though having a dramatic impact may fail to survive in the archeological record.Many scholars such as Schulman or Wilding challenge the theory that a military conquest by southern rulers unified the Egyptian state as the Narmer Palette commemorates. It is now thought that the unification process occurred around 3100 B.C. and was formed successfully on a complex hierarchical social and political institution which was supported by a powerful economy with major interests in international commerce and politics.The success of Egypt lies in its centralisation of its early political systems, scorn it being the least urbanised. Agricultural productivity was still closely dependent on the Nile flood Levels but the socio-political evolution was a complex interweaving web, incorporating ecological consonance and it exploited the transport potential of the Nile effectively.Old Kingdom settlement patterns play an important part to the get a lineing of emerging social complexity it can be seen as the disintegration of central authority and the rise of semi autonomous families in the provinces (Kemp 101). By the Late Old Kingdom control of local personal business once controlled by the Pharaohs overseer now began to come from provincial governors or monarchs. There can be seen a slow but continuous expansion and diversity of society with provincial administrative institutions helping to grow its complexity.The cultural history of Egypt cannot simply be explained in ecological or economic terms, these do play an import part, what is deeply rooted in Egypts success i s its rise in Ideology. The Idea of divine kingship, where the whole structure of both state phantasmal and political institutions are all derived from the very notion that the Pharaohs authority and so the states was divine in origin.ConclusionThe emergence of complex societies is an enduring focus for archaeologists. Identifying when and under what circumstances a political transformation has occurred combined with in some cases evaluating competing ideas explaining the origins of states themselves. Research itself has proven difficult, in part because the process is not easy to understand with limited archaeological evidence, but also as it is not a unitary and rapid process.

On Writing in America: The Politics, Criticism, and Fiction of William Dean Howells :: Essays Papers

On Writing in America The Politics, Criticism, and Fiction of William Dean HowellsUpon hearing of an event which has become known as The Haymarket Incident, a violent blast that involved strikers at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company on May 4, 1886, William Dean Howells felt provoked to respond.1 Whatever personal motives this highly publicized chance sparked in Howells, who was successful novelist and influential critic of the literature and social issues of his time, the strike and subsequent executions of seven of the protesters involved had a trenchant effect on this value man of letters. Howells illustrated his remorse for what he understood as a profound legal injustice in a letter he wrote to a friend shortly before the hanging of the Haymarket protesters It blackens my life. I feel the horror and the shame of the crime which the law is about to commit against justice.2 Howells assertions in regard to the look were at the time radical and not widely supported they c ontradicted the views of the majority of the American media, who chose to back big business and to disregard details that to Howells marked the ravel as corrupt. Howells views challenged a general senti handst in the press against landing class protesters, who, like the workers involved in the Haymarket Incident, demanded certain rights in the workplace and proposed an eight-hour work day.3 It had become a trend in the media to back the employers rather than the employed, in the name of the free market, before the Haymarket riots. For example, several years before the incident at Haymarket, the Chicago Tribune had characterized a group of railroad workers involved in a similar incident as the scum and filth of the city. Three days later, commenting on the organizers of the same uprising, the Tribune contended that Capitalism would offer any sum to see the leaders...strung up to a telegraph pole.4 Howells was known for his radical political views, views which often questioned the forcefulness of a capitalist society, and it is not surprising that he subsequently supported the Haymarket laborers. Howells socialistic views no doubt sprung in part from his readings of Tolstoy, especially from the Russian novelists literature on the notion of Christian Socialism. Howells once wrote, Tolstoi sic gave me the heart to hope that the world may yet be made over in the image of Him who died for it,...(that) men shall come into their own,.

Canadarm :: essays research papers

CanadarmAlthough Canada has been involved with the aloofness race since the beginning, nothing has made our national pride glow comparable watching the space shuttles and seeing the big letters CANADA written across the Canadarm.The Canadarm was fist launched into space on November 13, 1981 as part of Columbia. During that deputation, the Canadarm successfully flexed its muscles and secured its position in the future of space travel.It was developed by Spar Aerospace with the National Research Council and modelled after the human arm. Otherwise known as a Remote manipulator System, it could lift 30 tonnes in space while being monitored and operated from the indoor shuttle flight deck.The Canadarm is about to introduce its new and improved sibling. Back in 1987, when documents were signed between countries to work towards a permanently manned Space Station, Canada agreed to provide a Mobile Servicing System (MSS). The MSS will be an integral part of the Space Station from the beg inning, it will be apply in the assembly, maintenance and servicing of the Station. In return, Canadians will be able to arrive full use of the Station and will assist with its management.Canadian Astronaut Julie Payette will be operating the new arm on its first mission and explains how in the following excerpt from a NASA Preflight Interview"This arm flies like an airplane, its a six-dimension arm where you squirt rotate the tip of the arm, so you can translate that tip along the cargo bay of the shuttle and up the stack of the International Space Station. It is an absolute joy to fly. Right after the space walk is complete is when I am timelined in the flight to go on the controls of the Canadarm, as we call it in Canada, or the remote manipulator system. I will use the camera, which is mounted at the end of the tip of the arm, to survey all the targets that are placed on the Space Station, the space vision target. I survey them to see if theyre in good shape, any problems with them, if theyve been scratched, and if there are bubbles in the material.The reason why the people from the space vision system course of study require that very thorough survey of every single target on the Space Station is that each target will be used on the next flight to manipulate and dock pieces of equipment together.