Lime Disease         Lyme malady is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a tick-borne spirochete. The dangers of this sickness became much publicised in 1977, where a geographic gatheringing of children in Lyme, Conneticut were thought to gain juvenile rheumatoid arthritis1. Soon after, it was ascertain that lyme ailment was an illness that mainly motivates the skin, nervous system, heart, and occasions. The borrelia species is part of the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes. Containted indoors a protoplasmic cylinder is a cell membrane, followed by wavelike flagella, and then an outside membrane. The genes encoded within the outer membrane atomic number 18 located on plasmids which allows the organism to obtain antigenic changes in these proteins. When a borrelia cell attaches to its host, the whole outer membrane moves to hotshot end of the cylinder, which is called capping to patching1. B. burgdorferi do non pull through in water, soil, or plants. Borrelia grow slowly comp bed to nearly bacteria. They elongate for 12 to 24 hours before dividing into two cells. B. burgdorferi is most 20 to um long and 0.2 to 0.25 um wide, with 7 to 11 flagella. More than 30 proteins are contained within B. burgdorferi1. This bacteria uses white-footed mice, mosquitoes, and deer as their hosts.         This sickness does not discriminate amid sex and age; male and female, as well as old and young are walk outed. It is astray distri exactlyed around the founding in the temperate zones3. A someone is infected when a black-legged tick imbeds itself into them while out in the open in wodded and forested areas. This usually occurs among the months of whitethorn and July. Tick abundance is associated with humidity, temperature, landscape slope, forested areas with sandy soils, and the appendage of residential culture?.         Generally, lyme complaint occurs in interprets, which are not always vindicated; they whitethorn overlap! . The send-off stage involves the slam of B. burgdorferi by the tick. unawares thereafter (3 days to 4 months), it spreads passim the skin, causing erythema migrans (EM), which is essentially a skin lesion. This lesion can transform in size, ashes site, color, duration, intensity, and recurrence. Erythema migrans is a marker of the affection, yet may also be absent altogether. EM resolves spontaneously in a some weeks or months4. Also like to occur during this stage are mild fever, chills, headache, and stiff neck (flu-like symptoms)?.         Within days or weeks after infection, in stage 2, the specimen has been seen in specimens of myocardium, retina, muscle, bone, spleen, colorful and brain1. Secondary skin lesions may occur but are smaller and migrate less. The main symptoms include fag and harrowing headache, lasting only hours or days. Meningitis, poor memory, liquid body substance change, cardiac problems, and facial palsy are also truly common. They may recur or become chronic1. Six months later(prenominal) (on average), some(prenominal) patients have brief attacks of arthritis in the large pegs, especially in the knee.         Stage 3 is classified as the late unceasing infection, where arthritis lasts longer (ie. months) and chronic arthritis (a year or more of joint inflammation) begins. More than a year after infection, B. burgdorferI may affect the key and peripheral nervous systems.         There has been a tamp of work carried out in this field, particularly where children are affected. For example, the transplacental transmission of B. burgdorferi has been reported in 2 infants whose mothers were infected with Lyme borreliosis during the initiative trimester of pregnancy. Both of these infants dies in their first week of life. One had encephalitis and the other had congenital cardiac malformations1. Spirochetes were seen in various foetal tissues.         Studies reviewing lyme disease in pregnan! t women before knowing the issue of their pregnancy, in rig to assess the frequency and the type of unseemly pregnancy outcomes associated with lyme disease have also been carried out in the field5. One take in found adverse outcomes in 5 out of 19 children examened.
These outcomes included cortical blindness, intrauterine fetal death, prematurity and rash in the newborn. It is of great impressiveness to adjudicate whether such outcomes are directly related to B. burgdorferi5. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â another(prenominal) hit the books performed by Szer et al tested the long-term racecourse of lyme arthritis in children, who had no t received any antibiotic intervention for at least the first four years of the illness. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â another(prenominal) body of work by Garcia-Monco et al looked at the data-based and clinical demonstration for early invasion of Borrelia burgdorferi in the central nervour system, by intravenously inoculating rats with the bacteria and examining their cerebrospinal fluid2. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â much(prenominal) work leads me to my unique(predicate) research topic: hit the booksing cognitive skills in children who have been treated for lyme disease using antibiotics. It seems seeming that the lyme disease spirochete can cause an adverse fetal outcome. However, the gesture is, how likely and just what are the outcomes, which is what I would like to test for. My proposed study go out be an experimental study in which lyme disease treated pediatric populations go away be examined to identify possible cognitive or psychologic abnormalities resulting from lyme d isease. The focus pass on be on children because th! ey have a high relative incidence of lyme disease? and are less likely to have cognitive deterioration referable to confounding factors, such as aging. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Children between the ages of 5 and 15 who have been treated with lyme disease will be studied. These children will be randomly chosen for autochthonous areas such as Delaware. Serologic testing (ie. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa; ELISA) will be used to deposit the presence of B. burgdorferi antibodies. The following hypotheses will be tested: Ho: No cognitive differences between lyme disease children and control conference HA: Cognitive differences between lyme disease children and control group are present. If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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